Stefan Elbers

101 Self-management for patients with chronic pain Figure 8. Follow-up Comparison of Self-Management Intervention Versus Control on Pain Intensity. Physical Activity. Four studies provided information on follow-up time for physical activity, with a median follow-up time of 9 months. Three studies were eligible for pooling. We performed a meta-analysis as the confidence intervals largely overlapped and the I 2 was 0% (see Figure 9). There was no overall group-effect on physical activity, SMD = 0.15 [−0.07, 0.38], z = 1.34, p = 0.18. Taal et al. (1993) also reported no differences between both groups at follow-up. Figure 9. Follow-up Comparison of Self-Management Intervention Versus Control on Physical Activity. Evaluation of the Evidence. The GRADE evidence plot (Table 5) shows the standardized mean differences in combination with the quality of evidence ratings. The outcomes were evaluated similarly to the post-intervention results, with the exception of a high consistency score for self-efficacy. This resulted in the following evidence statements: At six to thirteen months follow-up, there is moderate quality evidence that self-management interventions have a statistically significant, but clinically unimportant effect on self- efficacy. For pain and physical function, there is moderate quality evidence that self-