Stefan Elbers

120 Chapter 5 make ideas tangible and possible to experience. Co-creation sessions included multiple co-design methods and were specifically employed to empower a variety of stakeholders to participate in the design process. Semistructured Contextual Interviews. At various time points in the project, we interviewed patients and HCPs. The interviews were performed by 2 researchers and were conducted in the everyday context of the HCPs (treatment facility) and patients (at home). To activate prior knowledge and experiences, all participants received “sensitizers”— assignments that stimulated thinking about relevant topics—before the interview (see page 4 in Appendix 1) (Visser et al., 2005). During the interview, the primary interviewer explored participants’ beliefs, needs, and experiences using open questions and various generative techniques. The second interviewer took notes and asked additional questions to ensure that all topics that the research team identified during preparatory sessions were covered. Data were collected by audio recording and note taking. Directly after the interview, both interviewers discussed their impressions and updated their notes. Generative Techniques. To explore participants’ ideas, needs, and values beyond their first response, various generative techniques were employed during interview and design sessions. These techniques aim to bring up “tacit knowledge” by addressing social, emotional, and functional elements related to a topic of interest (Visser et al., 2005). For example, to promote a more personal acquaintance during the interview sessions, participants were asked to introduce themselves by selecting 3 pictures from a deck of cards illustrated with ambiguous images that symbolized their personal values. The core team also used journey mapping during interviews (see page 4 in Appendix 1). This technique enabled all attendees to collaboratively construct a graphic visualization or a timeline that illustrated their experiences with interdisciplinary multimodal pain treatment (Howard, 2014; Trebble et al., 2010). Prototyping and Provotyping. A key element of PAR is to increase insight by reflecting on actual interactions with prototypes. As Step 1.3 on page 5 of Appendix 1 illustrates, the interaction with these objects stimulated the individual to envision future possibilities or to visualize concept ideas. The process of prototyping allows participants to actively engage with objects that were based on preliminary outcomes and encompass operationalizations of the concept of interest (Sanders & Stappers, 2014). Provotyping takes place with objects that are not directly related to the final result but are specifically designed to test a specific hypothesis or elicit a particular response (Boer & Donovan, 2012). System Maps and Personas. System mapping is a method for creating a visual representationof interactingvariables that facilitates theunderstandingof complex systems