Stefan Elbers

98 Chapter 4 Table 4. GRADE Evidence Table for Post-Intervention Effects. Question : What is the short-term effectiveness of self-management interventions for patients with chronic pain compared to a control condition? Quality assessment № of patients Effect Quality № of studies Study design Risk of bias Inconsis- tency Indirect- ness Impreci- sion Other considerations Self- Management Intervention Control Relative (95% CI) Absolute (95% CI) Physical Function (assessed with: questionnaires) 8 Randomised trials Not serious a Not serious b,c Serious d,e Not serious f None 501 545 - SMD 0.28 SD lower (0.52 lower to 0.03 lower) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE Self Efficacy (assessed with: questionnaires) 8 Randomised trials Not serious a Serious c,g Serious d,e Not serious f None 461 504 - Not pooled ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW Pain intensity (assessed with: questionnaires) 5 Randomised trials Not serious a Not serious b,h Serious d Not serious f None 311 248 - SMD 0.28 SD lower (0.56 lower to 0.01 lower ) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE Physical Activity (assessed with: questionnaires; Scale from: 8 to 32) 2 Randomised trials Not serious a Not serious b,h Serious d,e Serious i None 142 132 - SMD 0.14 SD lower (0.38 lower to 0.09 higher) ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW Notes: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standardized mean difference. A Less than 25% of participants from high risk of bias studies. B Substantial overlap in confidence intervals. C I2 is more than 60%. D Substantial differences in interventions. E Substantial differences in outcome measures. F Total sample size is more than optimal information size (alpha = 0.05; Beta = 0.2; ES = 0.2 SD). G Limited overlap in confidence intervals. H I 2 is less than 60%. I Total sample size is less than optimal information size (alpha = 0.05; Beta = 0.2; ES = 0.2 SD).