Diederik Hentenaar

64 Chapter 3 all had probing pocket depths ≥ 5mm. At baseline, the most frequent isolated species from the peri-implant pocket were Fn, Pm and Tf (air-polishing group: 97.5%, 85%, 80% and ultrasonic group: 97.5%, 87.5%, 70%, respectively). Three months after treatment, in both groups almost unchanged levels for all periodontal bacterial species were found (see Table 6). Table 2. Characteristics of successfully versus unsuccessfully treated patients Patient characteristics Successful Unsuccessful Number of patients (%) / implants (%) 14 (18.4) / 23 (17.3) 62 (81.6) / 110 (82.7) Air-polishing; n subjects (%) / n implants (% ) 4 (28.6) / 5 (21.7) 34 (54.8) / 58 (52.7) Ultrasonic; n subjects (%) / n implants (%) 10 (71.4) / 18 (78.3) 28 (45.2) / 52 (47.3) Age (years; mean (SD)) 59.7 (12.0) 58.8 (12.0) Gender; female (%) / male (%) 8 (57.1) / 6 (42.9) 26 (41.9) / 36 (58.1) Smoking; n subjects (%) Current 0 (0) 13 (21.0) Never 10 (71.4) 38 (61.3) Former 4 (28.6) 11 (17.7) History of periodontitis; n subjects (%) Yes / No 3 (21.4) / 11 (78.6) 22 (35.5) / 40 (64.5) Diabetes; n subjects (%) Yes (but controlled) / No 0 (0) / 14 (100) 2 (3.2) / 60 (96.8) Implant characteristics Time in function (years; mean (SD)) 7.2 (4.0) 9.5 (5.6) Jaw (upper/lower); n implants 12 (52.2) / 11 (47.8) 68 (61.8) / 42 (38.2) Position (anterior/posterior); n implants 10 (43.5) / 13 (56.5) 45 (40.9) / 65 (59.1) Edentulous (partial/fully); n patients 10 (71.4) / 4 (28.6) 48 (77.4) / 14 (22.6) Screw/cement retained; n implants 20 (87.0) / 3 (13.0) 75 (68.2) / 35 (31.8) Single crown/ fixed partial denture (FPD) / overdenture; n implants 9 (15.5) / 8 (22.9) / 6 (13.0) 45 (40.9) / 27 (24.5) / 38 (34.5) Implant surface roughness (Sa); n implants Minimally rough (turned, machined) ≥0.5, <1.0 µm 2 (8.7) 15 (13.6) Moderately rough ≥ 1.0, <2.0 µm 19 (82.6) 91 (82.7) Rough ≥ 2.0 µm 2 (8.7) 4 (3.6)