Chapter 3 62 Appendix A Transcription symbols used in the examples. The symbols are based on Jefferson’s glossary of transcript symbols, which are routinely used in conversation analytic research. Symbol Definition and use (.) Brief interval < 0.2 seconds .,? Markers of final pitch direction at turn construction unit boundary: Final falling intonation (.) Slight rising intonation (,) Sharp rising intonation (?) = End of one turn construction unit and beginning of next begin with no gap/pause in between ↑ ↓ Marked shift in pitch, up (↑) or down (↓) .hhh Inbreath. Three letters indicate ‘normal’ duration. Longer or shorter inbreaths indicated with fewer or more letters. hhh Outbreath. Three letters indicate ‘normal’ duration. Longer or shorter inbreaths indicated with fewer or more letters. Emphasis Underlining indicates emphasis. Placement indicates which syllable(s) are emphasized. word- A dash indicates a cut-off <slower> Decreased speaking rate than surrounding speech by the same speaker >faster< Increased speaking rate than surrounding speech by the same speaker °quieter° Degree sign indicate syllables or words quieter than surrounding speech by the same speaker pro::longed Colon indicates prolonged vowel or consonant, one or two colons common, three or more colons only in extreme cases [overlap] [overlap] Overlapping talk ((description)) Double parentheses contain descriptions of non-verbal actions
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