Geert Kleinnibbelink

Chapter 2 52 Rest echocardiography Stress echocardiography p-values Normoxia Hypoxia Normoxia Hypoxia Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post H E S H*E E*S E*H*S E (cm/sec) 1.02±0.03 0.85±0.04 1.06±0.03 0.86±0.03 1.28±0.05 1.14±0.03 1.32±0.04 1.16±0.04 0.09 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.30 0.37 0.80 A (cm/sec) 0.56±0.02 0.57±0.02 0.55±0.02 0.62±0.03 - - - - 0.004 0.39 - 0.18 - - E/A ratio 1.86±0.06 1.6±0.10 1.83±0.07 1.41±0.06 - - - - 0.048 < 0.001 - 0.15 - - LV longitudinal strain (%) -20±0.3 -20±0.3 -21±0.3 -20±0.2 -23±0.3 -21±0.4 -24±0.4 -22±0.2 0.01 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.08 0.05 0.86 LV time of peak (sec) 0.36±0.01 0.36±0.01 0.35±.01 0.34±0.01 0.28±0.01 0.29±0.01 0.28±0.01 0.29±0.01 0.14 0.03 < 0.001 0.22 < 0.001 0.88 Data are expressed as means±SEM. ES, Early systole. LA, Left atrium. LVEDV, Left ventricular end-diastolic volume. LVESA, Left ventricular end- systolic volume. S, Stress. TDI, Tissue Doppler imaging. Linear mixed models factors: H, Hypoxia: Comparison between all echocardiographic measurements performed under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions. E, Exercise: Comparison between all echocardiographic measurements performed pre vs. post 45-minutes high intensity exercise. S, Stress: Comparison between all echocardiographicmeasurements performed during rest vs. during stress. E*S, Exercise*Stress: Comparisonwhether the change pre- vs. post-exercise is different measured during rest vs. stress echocardiography. H*E, Hypoxia*Exercise: Comparison whether the change pre- vs. post-exercise (EICF) is different during hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions. E*H*S, Exercise*Hypoxia*Stress: comparison whether the change pre- vs. post-exercise under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions was different when observed using rest vs. stress echocardiography. Table 3 . (Continued)