Anne van Dalen

2 Development of a model for video-assisted postoperative team debriefing I 57 INTRODUCTION Postoperative team debriefing has shown to be powerful in improving both technical and nontechnical skills such as communication, teamwork, and situational awareness. 1,2,3,4 Nevertheless, a true operating team debriefing culture is lacking to date. 2,5 Various reasons, such as fear for punitive measurements, a lack of time, or logistics are often mentioned. Historically, debriefing originated in the military. It was designed to retrieve all the information from a soldier or pilot after a mission and also to return to regular duties as soon as possible. 6,7 Debriefing, the concept of reflection on an event or activity and subsequent analysis, has proven to be valuable in assessing the individual for personal and team benefits. 8,9,10 The terms debriefing and feedback are often used interchangeably in the literature, but there are important distinctions to be made between the two. 11 Feedback may be defined as information about performance provided to participants with the intent to modify thinking and behavior to facilitate learning. 12 Feedback is thus viewed as a one-way conveyance of information to the learner. Debriefing may be identified as a facilitated reflective conversation between facilitator and learner, among learners themselves, or a combination thereof. 12 Video and medical data recorders (MDRs), more popularly referred to as Black Box, in the operating room (OR) may act as a tool instrumental to team debriefing. Such systems may become a powerful element in quality improvement initiatives. 3,4 The importance of operating teamdebriefing, augmentedwith or without video recordings or other data sources, has been emphasized in the current medical literature. 3,13,14 Yet, there is no consensus to date on how to optimally structure the process of teamdebriefing with the use of these systems. This study aimed to (1) find evidence on how to structure debriefing for operating teams with the use of video recordings optimally, and (2) develop a standardized debrief model for multidisciplinary debriefing with multisource data from surgical cases recorded with video and MDR.