212 Chapter 8 Results Search results The PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1) summarizes the study selection process. The initial search identified 15,457 articles. After removing duplicates, the title and abstracts of 11,543 articles were screened. Of these, 710 were eligible for full-text review. In total, 83 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses. These studies reported on the use of 39 different PREMs in pediatric healthcare settings (Table 1). The gray literature retrieved 10 additional PREMs that are used in clinical practice. Since many PREMs are usually copy-righted by the developers, so we did not contact authors or developer of the surveys for more information. Characteristics of included studies The included studies were conducted in 14 countries, including 48 studies in the United States of America, 25 studies in European countries (Austria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, and the United Kingdom), 8 studies in Canada, and 1 study each in Australia and Singapore. Figure 2 provides an overview of the number of different PREMs that are used per country. Regarding study design, 41 of the included studies used a cross-sectional study design. The remaining study designs include 13 cohort studies, 6 mixed-methods, 6 observational, 3 quasiexperimental, 2 randomized-control trials, 2 quality improvement studies, 2 secondary data analyses, 2 retrospective data studies, and 1 of each of tlowing study designs: program evaluation, descriptive, longitudinal, case study, and pilot/feasibility studies. The duration of studies ranged from 2 weeks to 5 years and study populations ranged from 0 to 25 years. Disease of interest varied across studies, although most studies addressed a general disease group. Disease-specific populations included epilepsy, diabetes, asthma, neurological conditions, and juvenile arthritis, among others. The identified studies also presented a diverse range of healthcare settings, including emergency rooms, NICU and PICUs, inpatient wards, and outpatient ambulatory clinic, among others. Overall, paper-pencil was the most common mode of administering PREMs (60.2%), followed by electronic (26.5%), telephone (12.0%), and/or via interview (1.2%) modes. The PREMs were completed by proxy only in 60 studies (71.4%), by patient and/or the proxy in 14 studies (16.7%), by only the patient in 7 studies (8.3%), while 3 studies did not specify (3.6%) (one study used two different PREMs that had different methods of completion) [49].
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