26 Chapter 2 one author [2] , as opposed to systematically collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. A recent scoping review describes the involvement of adolescents and young adults (12-25 years) with a chronic condition in health and social care [3]. This review, only including 23 studies, provides a synopsis of the used definitions of patient engagement, goals, methods, and impact of the involvement of youth in research and implementation projects. However, a comprehensive overview of the activities that have been done in the past regarding pediatric patient engagement, also including primary school-aged children (4-18 years) in health care is lacking, as well as insights into how patient engagement takes place in clinical care, research, and intervention development. In addition, we want to know how pediatric patient engagement has developed in recent years to learn more about the different ways pediatric patients can be involved in health care. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an overview of the literature about pediatric patient engagement in clinical care, research, and intervention development. Methods Due to the broad nature of the study aim, a scoping review was conducted. Scoping reviews can be used to provide an overview and map the available evidence around a certain topic [15,16]. The methodological framework of Arksey & O’Malley [16] was used to guide this scoping review. This framework consisted of the following 5 stages: Stage 1: Identifying the research question The research question of this scoping review was: What is known from the literature about pediatric patient engagement in clinical care, research and intervention development? A comprehensive approach was chosen to examine the extent and nature of pediatric patient engagement in the broad field of pediatrics. Key parameters were patient engagement (defined as: actively involving children in the clinical care, medical research, and intervention development. This means that children were asked for their opinion on certain topics or that they played a role in the decision-making process), children and adolescents (defined as people aged 4-18 years), and pediatrics (defined as the medical care of children and adolescents in a hospital/clinical setting and the associated science).
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