Addi van Bergen

Cumulation of ill health and low agency 125 6 being found in Amsterdam and Rotterdam (Table 3). Table 3. Prevalence of social exclusion and other social factors by city (weighted percentages#) Amster-dam Rotter-dam The Hague Utrecht TOTAL SOCIAL EXCLUSION SEI-HS index Moderate to strong 8.1 12.0 13.8 7.1 10.3 Some or no 91.9 88.0 86.2 92.9 89.7 SOCIAL RISK FACTORS Educational level (self-reported) @ Low 7.4 11.9 9.5 6.9 9.0 Not low 92.6 88.1 90.5 93.1 91.0 Standardised annual household income Low: < 16,100 euro 26.0 25.4 22.1 23.8 24.7 Not low 74.0 74.6 77.9 76.2 75.3 Labour market position Low: unemployed, disabled, on social assistance 12.8 16.7 15.5 10.3 14.1 Not low 87.2 83.3 84.5 89.7 85.9 Migration background Native Dutch 49.5 52.3 48.7 68.7 52.9 Western migration background 18.2 12.1 17.0 11.2 15.3 Non-Western migration background 32.2 35.6 34.3 20.1 31.8 # Sampling weights were calculated by Statistics Netherlands based on a linear model with 9 sociodemographic variables and their interaction terms [28]. @ Low: no or elementary schooling (PO); Not low: general secondary education, primary vocational education (MAVO, LBO); higher secondary education, secondary vocational training (HAVO,VWO, MBO); higher professional education and university (HBO, WO). $ For this question, multiple answers were possible. The answers were categorised hierarchically with ”> 20 hrs/week paid labour” first, followed by ”1-20 hrs/week paid labour” and ”retired”. Those who checked “I am unemployed/job-seeking”, “I am disabled for work” or “I am on social assistance” and did not check one of the former three categories were classified as ”unemployed, disabled, on social assistance”. The remaining respondents who checked “I am housewife/man” or “I am studying” were classified as “housewife/ man or student”. Those considered “unemployed, disabled, on social assistance” were subsequently classified as low, and the remaining categories were classified as not low. Performance of SE as social stratifier The RRs and PAFs for SE are listed in Table 4, columns 2 and 3, respectively. All relationships were significant at α = 0.05. The strength of the associations, however, varied considerably between health indicators. The RR was lowest for cancer (1.31) and highest for inactivity (3.29) and anxiety and depression symptoms (7.95). The PAF for cancer was 3.1%, and that for inactivity and anxiety and depression symptoms was 19.0 % and 41.6%, respectively. The RR for low personal control was 6.36, with