Addi van Bergen

178 For footnotes * ** *** $ $$ # ## see Table S1a. a) Based upon the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) which includes 38 indicators on income, employment, health & disability, education, skills & training, barriers to housing & services, living environments and crime. (Department for Communities and Local Government. 2007. The index of multiple deprivation. London: The National Archives, DCLG.) b) Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of the six items on social exclusion was .816. c) Post-traumatic stress disorder was assessed by the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Other complex post-traumatic symptoms i.e. Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Somatisation and Interpersonal sensitivity, were assessed by related subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised- Korean version. d) Types of torture were constructed using principal axis factor analysis and included physical torture, psychological torture and torture of deprivation. Post-torture psychosocial stressors were assessed by the Exposure to Psychosocial Stressor Scale designed specifically to assess the presence and perceived distress of stressors in the context of Korea and included probation, socio-economic repression and social exclusion. Social exclusion is reported here separately. e) Economic hardship was assessed with a modified measure of ability to meet expenses and food insecurity in the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP; She and Livermore, 2007). Perceived discrimination: Kessler et al., 1999; Subjective social standing: Adler et al., 2000, p. 587. For references please see Cole et al. [36]. f) The study of Fakhoury and Priebe is a prospective cohort study. The data in this review, however, come from a cross-sectional analysis. Hence, the classification as a cross-sectional design. g) SE is measured with the SInQUE [32] which is designed as a structured interview for use in people with mental health problems. The questionnaire is in two parts: the first part relates to the year prior to the first psychiatric admission (T1) and the second part relates to the current situation (T2).