Addi van Bergen

182 Reference Setting Population Sample size Indicators SE/SI * Health measure** Statistical analysis Richter & Hoffmann [48] Switzerland General population 18-64 for men / 63 for women 14,256 c) S1: living alone; S2 living without a partner; S3 no person to talk to; S4 attendance of social events; S5 feeling lonely; S6 social support (3) E1: low income PH: physical illness or disability c) Logistic regression * S= social dimension; E=economic dimension; P=political dimension; C=cultural dimension; between brackets the number of items (if more than 1). Agroup of letters e.g. EP or SEP indicates an aggregate measure based on the listed dimensions. ** PH=physical health. QoL=quality of life. PET=pre-eclamptic conditions including HELPP syndrome and eclampsia. *** Code for results: + hypothesis confirmed i.e. high SE/low SI associated with adverse health outcome; ns no significant association; - hypothesis rejected i.e. low SE/high Si associated with adverse health outcome; +? high SE/low SI combined with adverse health, but no statistical testing. C/C = Case/Control. $ P-value <.05 unless stated otherwise. OR’s and HR’s are given with the 95% confidence interval between brackets. Adj=adjusted for potential confounders. $$ Code for results: + - 0 see ***; +/0 hypothesis confirmed for 30-70% of SE/SI indicators and the remaining 70-30% not significant; x no statistical testing or no associations reported. # Specific methodological limitations: Limitations: 1, no theoretical motivation of the concept SE/SI; 2, data set not originally designed to measure SE/SI; 3, not all dimensions of SE/SI measured; 4, no composite measure SE/SI; 5, no existing SE/SI measure; 6, testing of association SE/SI -H was not a stated objective; 7, no adjustment for demographic and other potential confounding factors; ”, limitation partly present. For more details please see Supplementary file 4. ## General study quality was appraised with the CASP=Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool for cohort studies (Supplementary file 2) or cross-sectional studies (Supplementary file 3). a) SE indicators: S – 1, partner abroad of unsupported. E - 2. on income support. P – 3, poor housing. C - 4, concealed pregnancy; 5, age <16 years; 6, previous minor/child in local authority or state care; 7, in trouble with the law; 8, unbooked; 9, unwanted pregnancy; 10, currently or previously in foster care; 11, care order being considered on potential child; 12, social worker involved; and 13, drug or alcohol dependency. b) Jehoel Gijsbers & Vrooman [35].