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CHAPTER 3 54 Table 4 Associations of child and family characteristics with parents’ and adolescents’ expectations of multiple barriers Parents Adolescents Crude Full model Crude Full model Criterion OR (CI) OR (CI) OR (CI) a OR (CI) Child’s age (12-19 vs. 4-11 years) 1.09 (0.89-1.33) 1.07 (0.87-1.32) - - Child’s gender (female vs. male) 0.92 (0.75-1.12) 0.90 (0.73-1.10) 1.03 (0.72-1.47) 0.88 (0.59-1.30) Child’s ethnicity (non-Dutch vs. Dutch) 1.44 (1.08-1.92)** 1.39 (1.03-1.86)* 0.93 (0.51-1.69) 0.87 (0.45-1.68) Child’s psychosocial problems (borderline/abnormal vs. normal) 1.27 (1.04-1.54)* 1.14 (0.93-1.41) 2.02 (1.41-2.89)*** 2.07 (1.39-3.08)*** Parental educational level (reference: university) Primary education 3.03 (1.51-6.06)** 2.49 (1.21-5.13)* 0.65 (0.13-3.32) 0.55 (0.10-2.88) Secondary, lower levels 1.98 (1.27-3.09)** 1.83 (1.16-2.89)* 0.66 (0.30-1.44) 0.57 (0.26-1.27) Secondary, higher levels 1.45 (0.99-2.13)# 1.45 (0.98-2.14)# 0.90 (0.48-1.70) 0.79 (0.41-1.52) Senior vocational 0.98 (0.64-1.48) 0.98 (0.64-1.50) 0.77 (0.38-1.55) 0.67 (0.33-1.37) Family composition (other vs. biological two-parent family) 1.30 (1.06-1.58)** 1.13 (0.91-1.40) 1.00 (0.70-1.44) 0.92 (0.61-1.40) Note. OR= odds ratio, CI= confid e nce int erval # < 0.10 * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001