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CHAPTER 4 72 RESULTS General study characteristics Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the studies. Two studies concerned the filter “decision to consult a professional” [26, 27], four studies “problem recognition by a professional” [6, 7, 26, 28], four “referral to specialized care” [6-8, 28], one study “decision to admit to inpatient care” [29], and sixteen studies concerned use of care [26, 30-44]. Most studies investigated one filter or use of care only ( N= 18) [8, 27, 29-44], three studies assessed two filters [6, 7, 28], and one study assessed two filters and use of care [26]. Most studies were conducted in the United States (U.S.) ( N= 14) [26, 29, 31, 32, 34- 41, 43, 44], followed by the Netherlands ( N= 6) [6-8, 28, 30, 42], Finland ( N= 1) [27], and Puerto Rico ( N= 1) [33]. Seventeen studies were based on cross-sectional data [6-8, 26- 28, 31-34, 36-39, 41, 43, 44], and five on longitudinal data [29, 30, 35, 40, 42]. Most of the studies collected data via questionnaires; one study from child welfare records [29], and one study combined questionnaire-data with register data [42]. Respondents were parents/caregivers ( N= 3) [31, 38, 39], children ( N= 4) [35, 37, 41, 43], or a combination of parents/caregivers, children, and/or teachers or professionals ( N= 14) [6-8, 26-28, 30, 32- 34, 36, 40, 42, 44]. Most of the studies covered the general child population ( N= 9) [6-8, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35]. The remaining ones covered: children with psychosocial problems ( N= 2) [39, 42], with a psychiatric disorder (N= 1) [42], with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ( N= 2) [26, 36], with anxiety disorders ( N= 1) [34], with suicidal symptoms ( N= 2) [41, 43], with reported maltreatment ( N= 2) [32, 40], in custody of a child welfare agency ( N= 1) [29] or in family foster care ( N= 2) [37, 38]. Most studies focused on a wide range of psychosocial care for children ( N= 15) [27, 30-41, 43, 44]. Seven studies concerned a specific type of care: care by child health professionals ( N= 3) [6, 7, 28], ADHD treatment ( N= 1) [26], specialized mental health care ( N= 2) [8, 42], and inpatient care ( N= 1) [29]. Finally, three sets of two studies overlapped in their samples (Table 1) [32, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44]. Determinants of enrolment in and use of psychosocial care for children and adolescents Table 2 summarizes the findings for each filter and for use of care. It shows that consulting a professional for psychosocial problems –the first filter- is determined by a child’s psychosocial problems [27], and is more likely for boys [26], Caucasian children [26], children with a regular source of routine pediatric care [26], and for children living in biological two-parent families [27].