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DETERMINANTS - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 73 Regarding the second filter, recognition by a professional was more likely when the child had psychosocial problems [6, 7, 26, 28], had more severe psychosocial problems [26], was of primary school age [6, 7], was male [26], was from Caucasian ethnicity [26], lived in a highly urbanized area [6], had experienced a life event [6], had academic problems [6], had received past treatment for psychosocial problems [6, 7, 28], and was a toddler not receiving day care [7]. Furthermore, recognition of problems by a professional was more likely when it concerned children of other than a biological two- parent family and of low-educated parents [7]. Regarding the third filter, referral to specialized care was more likely when the child had psychosocial problems [6-8, 28], was of non-Caucasian or Mediterranean descent [8], followed lower education [8], had academic problems [6, 8], had experienced life events [6], and had received past treatment for psychosocial problems [6, 7]. In addition, children living in other than a biological two-parent family [8], children who experienced a change in family composition [8], and children of low-educated parents [7] were more likely to be referred to specialized care. Regarding the fourth filter, admission to inpatient care was more likely when children had more criminal or delinquent behaviour, had inappropriate sexual activities and were registered as at risk of running away or as a low risk of committing suicide [29]. Furthermore, child admittance to inpatient care was more likely with older age, fewer medical problems, living in a home setting, past psychiatric inpatient treatment, and the caregiver’s inability to provide supervision or other family dysfunctioning [29]. Finally, care use was more likely when the child had psychosocial problems [26, 30- 44], or had more severe psychosocial problems [42], when the problem was a burden for the child [39], when the child was more impaired in global functioning [33], had comorbid disorders [34], had a poor health [40], was of white or Caucasian ethnicity [26, 32, 35, 37-42, 44], lived in an urban area [36], was insured [34, 36, 39, 41], had academic problems [33, 39], received special education services [26], participated in extracurricular activities [41], or experienced life events [31]. Regarding gender and age findings were mixed. Five studies [26, 33, 35, 42, 44] showed that boys used care more often, whereas one study –among suicidal children–, showed that girls used care more often [41]. For age, four studies showed that older children were more likely to use care [33, 38-40], whereas one study showed that children aged 9-13 were more likely to use care than children aged 4-8 and 14-17 years [36]. For place of residence, two studies showed that children placed out of home, as compared to those living at home [32, 40], and children placed in a group home, as compared to a family foster home [37], were more likely to use care. Furthermore, use of care was more likely for children of other than biological two-parent families [31, 41, 44], of concerned parents [332], of parents