124 Chapter 5 Supplementary Table 6. (Continued) First author, year of publication Study type 1. Was the study’s target population a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables 2. Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population? 3. Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR, was a census undertaken? 4. Was the likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal? 5. Were data collected directly from the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)? 6. Was an acceptable case definition used in the study? 7. Was the study instrument that measured the parameter of interest shown to have reliability and validity (if necessary)? 8. Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects? 9. Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate? 10. Summary of the overall risk of study bias: 0-3 Low risk, 4-6 moderate risk, 7-9 High risk. Feiner, 1942 Retrospective cohort Low risk Unclear Unclear Low risk High risk High risk High risk Unclear High risk 6 Moderate risk Frischkorn, 1958 Retrospective cohort Unclear Unclear Low risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 6 Moderate risk Geary, 1969 Retrospective cohort High risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Heinen, 1966 Retrospective cohort Unclear Unclear Unclear Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 6 Moderate risk Johnson, 2004 RCT Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk High risk Low risk Low risk 1 Low risk Kaneshige, 2015 Prospective cohort Low risk Unclear Unclear Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk 2 Low risk Kika, 1954 Retrospective cohort Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 4 Moderate risk Kuzavova, 1964 retrospective cohort Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 3 Low risk La Sala, 1982 Retrospective cohort High risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Lindequist, 1991 RCT High risk Low risk Low risk Unclear Low risk Low risk High risk Low risk Low risk 3 Low risk
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