126 Chapter 5 Supplementary Table 6. (Continued) First author, year of publication Study type 1. Was the study’s target population a close representation of the national population in relation to relevant variables 2. Was the sampling frame a true or close representation of the target population? 3. Was some form of random selection used to select the sample, OR, was a census undertaken? 4. Was the likelihood of nonresponse bias minimal? 5. Were data collected directly from the subjects (as opposed to a proxy)? 6. Was an acceptable case definition used in the study? 7. Was the study instrument that measured the parameter of interest shown to have reliability and validity (if necessary)? 8. Was the same mode of data collection used for all subjects? 9. Were the numerator(s) and denominator(s) for the parameter of interest appropriate? 10. Summary of the overall risk of study bias: 0-3 Low risk, 4-6 moderate risk, 7-9 High risk. Rasmussen, 1987 Cohort not spec Low risk Low risk High risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Riche, 1931 Retrospective cohort High risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 4 Moderate risk Robins, 1951 Cohort not spec Unclear Unclear Low risk Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Rubin, 1928 Cohort not spec Unclear High risk Unclear Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Unclear 8 High risk Rutherford, 1948 Cohort not spec Low risk High risk Low risk Low risk Unclear Low risk High risk Unclear Low risk 4 Moderate risk Satoh, 2015 Retrospective cohort Unclear Unclear Low risk High risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk 3 Low risk Schultze, 1932 Retrospective cohort Unclear Low risk Low risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Schwabe, 1983 RCT Low risk Unclear Low risk Low risk Unclear High risk High risk Unclear Low risk 5 Moderate risk Shuhei So, 2017 Cohort not spec Low risk Unclear Unclear High risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk Low risk 3 Low risk Slater, 1959 Prospective cohort High risk Unclear Unclear Low risk Low risk Unclear Unclear Low risk High risk 6 Moderate risk
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