Maartje Boer

THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMU AND WELLBEING 247 8 Table 8.2 Bivariate Associations Level 1, within-person level ( n = 1,419) Life satisfaction SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Wave r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE SNS viewing -0.08*** 0.02 SNS posting 0.03 0.02 0.16*** 0.03 SNS liking -0.05* 0.02 0.43*** 0.02 0.07*** 0.02 SNS responding -0.06* 0.03 0.40*** 0.03 0.22*** 0.02 0.46*** 0.03 IM viewing -0.06** 0.02 0.45*** 0.02 0.08*** 0.02 0.33*** 0.02 0.30*** 0.02 IM sending -0.06** 0.02 0.31*** 0.02 0.11*** 0.03 0.28*** 0.02 0.30*** 0.03 0.54*** 0.02 Wave -0.26*** 0.03 0.29*** 0.03 -0.18*** 0.03 0.14*** 0.04 0.08* 0.04 0.17*** 0.02 0.06 0.03 SMU problems -0.17*** 0.01 0.14*** 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.10*** 0.02 0.13*** 0.02 0.19*** 0.02 0.15*** 0.03 0.02 0.03 Level 2, between- person level ( n = 5,676) Life satisfaction SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Upward social comparison SMU problems r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE r SE SNS viewing -0.10* 0.04 SNS posting -0.07 0.05 0.41*** 0.05 SNS liking -0.06 0.04 0.69*** 0.01 0.25*** 0.04 SNS responding -0.06 0.04 0.69*** 0.02 0.43*** 0.04 0.69*** 0.02 IM viewing -0.11** 0.03 0.73*** 0.02 0.38*** 0.04 0.62*** 0.02 0.60*** 0.02 IM sending -0.10** 0.03 0.63*** 0.02 0.31*** 0.03 0.56*** 0.03 0.59*** 0.02 0.76*** 0.01 Upward social comparison -0.49*** 0.03 0.19*** 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.23*** 0.03 0.22*** 0.03 0.21*** 0.03 0.20*** 0.03 SMU problems -0.39*** 0.03 0.35*** 0.04 0.27*** 0.03 0.24*** 0.03 0.28*** 0.04 0.37*** 0.03 0.30*** 0.03 0.42*** 0.03 β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE Girl -0.11* 0.05 0.15*** 0.04 -0.01 0.04 0.21*** 0.04 0.33*** 0.04 0.10* 0.04 0.14** 0.04 0.27*** 0.04 0.06 0.04 Pre-vocational education -0.01 0.05 0.19*** 0.04 0.22*** 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.16*** 0.04 0.12** 0.04 0.08* 0.04 -0.10* 0.04 0.15*** 0.04 Immigrant background 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.06 -0.12* 0.06 0.01 0.06 -0.11 0.06 -0.13* 0.06 -0.03 0.06 0.05 0.06 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; r = correlation (0.1 = small, 0.3 = moderate, 0.5 = large effect); SE = standard error; β = STDY-standardized coefficient (0.2 = small, 0.5 = moderate, 0.8 = large effect). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.