Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 8 250 Table 8.4 Summary Results of Fixed Effects Models with Quadratic Effects, Life Satisfaction Not controlled for SMUproblems (M3) Controlled for SMU problems (M4) Level 1 ( n = 1,419) Model B SE p β B SE p β SNS viewing a -0.002 0.011 0.849 -0.004 0.012 0.013 0.334 0.021 SNS viewing ^2 a 0.010 0.008 0.209 0.028 0.010 0 .007 0.188 0.027 SNS posting b -0.022 0.011 0.050 -0.038 -0.016 0.012 0.177 -0.028 SNS posting ^2 b 0.010 0 .007 0.140 0.040 0.009 0 .007 0.238 0.034 SNS liking c -0.004 0 .007 0.574 -0.008 0.004 0 .007 0.588 0.008 SNS liking ^2 c 0.002 0.005 0.755 0 .007 0.002 0.005 0.693 0.008 SNS responding d -0.022 0.012 0.062 -0.045 -0.012 0.013 0.352 -0.025 SNS responding ^2 d 0.008 0.006 0.201 0.030 0.008 0.005 0.159 0.029 IM viewing e -0.014 0.012 0.231 -0.021 0.006 0.012 0.584 0.010 IM viewing ^2 e -0.009 0 .007 0.205 -0.021 -0.006 0 .007 0.393 -0.014 IM sending f -0.024* 0.012 0.049 -0.043 -0.010 0.013 0.408 -0.018 IM sending ^2 f 0.005 0.009 0.608 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.481 0.020 Level 2 ( n = 5,676) Model B SE p β B SE p β SNS viewing a -0.038* 0.019 0.042 -0.089 0.021 0.017 0.222 0.049 SNS viewing ^2 a -0.010 0.011 0.381 -0.035 -0.003 0.009 0.704 -0.012 SNS posting b -0.079* 0.032 0.014 -0.137 -0 .001 0.033 0.972 -0.003 SNS posting ^2 b 0.021 0.019 0.268 0.063 0.006 0.018 0.750 0.017 SNS liking c -0.014 0.015 0.357 -0.042 0.018 0.015 0.226 0.053 SNS liking ^2 c <0 .001 0.007 0.976 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.859 0.007 SNS responding d -0.015 0.017 0.384 -0.038 0.027 0.016 0.088 0.072 SNS responding ^2 d -0.003 0.008 0.693 -0.013 -0.008 0.009 0.384 -0.031 IM viewing e -0.047** 0.015 0.002 -0.107 0.018 0.016 0.261 0.042 IM viewing ^2 e <0 .001 0.012 0.996 <0.001 0 .007 0.013 0.575 0.024 IM sending f -0.035** 0.013 0.009 -0.087 0.013 0.015 0.374 0.031 IM sending ^2 f 0.001 0.010 0.925 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.576 0.018 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; β = STDYX-standardized coefficient. Variables with the same letter (a-f) were included in the same model. Models 3a-f were controlled by wave (level 1) and gender, educational level, and immigrant background (level 2). Models 4a-f extended model 3a-f with SMU problems as additional control variable on the first and second level. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Individual Differences in the Associations Between SMU Intensity and Life Satisfaction Individual Differences Table 8.5 summarizes the results of the random effect models, which allowed the within-person associations between the SMU activities and life satisfaction to vary across adolescents (see Table A8.3 from the Appendix for all model estimates). The models with random slopes improved model fit, because they