Maartje Boer

THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMU AND WELLBEING 263 8 Table A8.1 (continued) Fixed Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m1c m2c m1d m2d Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β Wave -0.149 0.014 <0.001 -0.254 -0.149 0.015 <0.001 -0.254 -0.148 0.015 <0.001 -0.251 -0.147 0.016 <0.001 -0.251 SMU problems -0.104 0.010 <0.001 -0.165 -0.102 0.010 <0.001 -0.162 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking -0.005 0.007 0.499 -0.010 0.003 0.007 0.658 0.006 SNS responding -0.022 0.012 0.062 -0.044 -0.011 0.013 0.364 -0.023 IM viewing IM sending Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β Female -0.098 0.037 0.008 -0.186 -0.088 0.034 0.009 -0.166 -0.096 0.040 0.018 -0.182 -0.101 0.037 0.006 -0.191 Pre-vocational education -0.016 0.041 0.693 -0.030 0.053 0.042 0.208 0.101 -0.012 0.041 0.769 -0.023 0.042 0.042 0.323 0.080 Immigrant background 0.014 0.059 0.808 0.028 0.025 0.059 0.667 0.048 0.018 0.059 0.764 0.034 0.023 0.059 0.691 0.045 SMU problems -0.195 0.019 <0.001 -0.407 -0.198 0.017 <0.001 -0.412 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking -0.015 0.013 0.258 -0.044 0.016 0.014 0.238 0.048 SNS responding -0.013 0.016 0.420 -0.035 0.027 0.016 0.080 0.072 IM viewing IM sending Random parameters Est. SE p Est. SE p Est. SE p Est. SE p Residual variance within 0.404 0.013 <0.001 0.388 0.013 <0.001 0.403 0.013 <0.001 0.388 0.013 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.273 0.017 <0.001 0.234 0.015 <0.001 0.273 0.017 <0.001 0.234 0.015 <0.001 Explained variance Est. Est. Est. Est. R 2 within 0.066 0.093 0.068 0.094 R 2 between 0.014 0.165 0.013 0.167 Fit statistics Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Model fit 9 12820.0 12838.0 12897.8 11 12481.6 12503.6 12576.7 9 12808.4 12826.4 12886.2 11 12474.3 12496.3 12569.4 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; β = STDY-standardized for dichotomous variables (female, prevocational education, and immigrant background) and STDYX-standardized for the other variables; Est. = estimate; Par. = number of free parameters; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.