Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 8 264 Table A8.1 (continued) Fixed Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m1e m2e m1f m2f Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β Wave -0.148 0.014 <0.001 -0.252 -0.149 0.015 <0.001 -0.255 -0.149 0.014 <0.001 -0.253 -0.148 0.015 <0.001 -0.253 SMU problems -0.105 0.010 <0.001 -0.167 -0.102 0.009 <0.001 -0.162 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing -0.013 0.011 0.247 -0.021 0.007 0.011 0.552 0.011 IM sending -0.025 0.012 0.046 -0.043 -0.011 0.013 0.385 -0.019 Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β B SE p β Female -0.095 0.036 0.007 -0.181 -0.081 0.032 0.012 -0.154 -0.095 0.035 0.007 -0.180 -0.082 0.033 0.012 -0.155 Pre-vocational education -0.002 0.041 0.956 -0.004 0.051 0.042 0.222 0.098 -0.010 0.040 0.813 -0.018 0.053 0.042 0.203 0.101 Immigrant background 0.008 0.059 0.892 0.016 0.024 0.059 0.681 0.046 0.009 0.059 0.874 0.018 0.023 0.058 0.689 0.044 SMU problems -0.196 0.020 <0.001 -0.409 -0.194 0.019 <0.001 -0.404 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing -0.046 0.015 0.002 -0.106 0.016 0.016 0.299 0.037 IM sending -0.036 0.013 0.008 -0.087 0.012 0.014 0.409 0.029 Random parameters Est. SE p Est. SE p Est. SE p Est. SE p Residual variance within 0.404 0.014 <0.001 0.388 0.013 <0.001 0.403 0.013 <0.001 0.388 0.013 <0.001 Residual variancebetween 0.271 0.017 <0.001 0.235 0.015 <0.001 0.272 0.017 <0.001 0.235 0.015 <0.001 Explained variance Est. Est. Est. Est. R 2 within 0.066 0.093 0.068 0.094 R 2 between 0.023 0.164 0.019 0.164 Fit statistics Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Par. Deviance AIC BIC Model fit 9 12808.4 12826.4 12886.2 11 12482.2 12504.2 12577.3 9 12802.6 12820.6 12880.4 11 12480.3 12502.3 12575.4 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; β = STDY-standardized for dichotomous variables (female, prevocational education, and immigrant background) and STDYX-standardized for the other variables; Est. = estimate; Par. = number of free parameters; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.