Maartje Boer

THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMU AND WELLBEING 265 8 Table A8.1 (continued) Fixed Effects Models, Life Satisfaction mX Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p β Wave -0.156 0.018 <0.001 -0.266 SMU problems -0.104 0.010 <0.001 -0.165 SNS viewing 0.019 0.015 0.220 0.032 SNS posting -0.007 0.008 0.398 -0.012 SNS liking 0.006 0.009 0.512 0.012 SNS responding -0.017 0.015 0.249 -0.035 IM viewing 0.014 0.014 0.313 0.022 IM sending -0.018 0.014 0.192 -0.032 Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p β Female -0.100 0.039 0.010 -0.188 Pre-vocational education 0.040 0.042 0.334 0.076 Immigrant background 0.021 0.057 0.708 0.040 SMU problems -0.198 0.019 <0.001 -0.414 SNS viewing 0.007 0.029 0.805 0.017 SNS posting 0.003 0.034 0.940 0.004 SNS liking 0.002 0.022 0.922 0.006 SNS responding 0.025 0.028 0.385 0.065 IM viewing 0.001 0.029 0.985 0.001 IM sending -0.008 0.022 0.708 -0.020 Random parameters Est. SE p Residual variance within 0.387 0.013 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.233 0.015 <0.001 Explained variance Est. R 2 within 0.097 R 2 between 0.170 Fit statistics Par. Deviance AIC BIC Model fit 21 12455.5 12497.5 12637.0 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; β = STDY-standardized for dichotomous variables (female, prevocational education, and immigrant background) and STDYX-standardized for the other variables; Est. = estimate; Par. = number of free parameters; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.