Maartje Boer

THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMU AND WELLBEING 271 8 Table A8.2 (continued) Fixed Effects Models with Quadratic Effects, Life Satisfaction m3f m4f Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p β B SE p β Wave -0.149 0.014 <0 .001 -0.253 -0.148 0.015 <0.001 -0.252 SMU problems -0.102 0.009 <0.001 -0.162 SNS viewing SNS viewing ^2 SNS posting SNS posting ^2 SNS liking SNS liking ^2 SNS responding SNS responding ^2 IM viewing IM viewing ^2 IM sending -0.024 0.012 0.049 -0.043 -0.010 0.013 0.408 -0.018 IM sending ^2 0.005 0.009 0.608 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.481 0.020 Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p β B SE p β Female -0.094 0.036 0.008 -0.178 -0.080 0.033 0.015 -0.150 Pre-vocational education -0.010 0.040 0.795 -0.020 0.052 0.042 0.211 0.098 Immigrant background 0.009 0.059 0.878 0.018 0.023 0.058 0.698 0.043 SMU problems -0.194 0.019 <0.001 -0.405 SNS viewing SNS viewing ^2 SNS posting SNS posting ^2 SNS liking SNS liking ^2 SNS responding SNS responding ^2 IM viewing IM viewing ^2 IM sending -0.035 0.013 0.009 -0.087 0.013 0.015 0.374 0.031 IM sending ^2 0 .001 0.010 0.925 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.576 0.018 Random parameters Est. SE p Est. SE p Residual variance within 0.402 0.013 <0.001 0.388 0.013 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.272 0.017 <0.001 0.235 0.015 <0.001 Explained variance Est. Est. R 2 within 0.068 0.095 R 2 between 0.019 0.164 Fit statistics Par. Deviance AIC BIC Deviance LL AIC BIC Model fit 11 12800.0 12822.0 12895.0 13 12476.7 12502.7 12589.1 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; β = STDY-standardized for dichotomous variables (female, prevocational education, and immigrant background) and STDYX-standardized for the other variables; Est. = estimate; Par. = number of free parameters; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.