Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 8 272 Table A8.3 Random Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m5a m6a Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p B SE p Wave -0.149 0.015 <0.001 -0.152 0.018 <0.001 SMU problems -0.105 0.011 <0.001 SNS viewing -0.002 0.012 0.865 0.012 0.013 0.344 SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p B SE p Female -0.092 0.038 0.015 -0.085 0.034 0.012 Pre-vocational education 0.002 0.041 0.965 0.047 0.041 0.260 Immigrant background 0.020 0.059 0.735 0.020 0.058 0.738 SMU problems -0.198 0.018 <0.001 SNS viewing -0.036 0.018 0.049 0.022 0.017 0.193 SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Random parameters B SE p B SE p Residual variance within 0.391 0.013 <0.001 0.378 0.012 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.275 0.017 <0.001 0.237 0.015 <0.001 Variance slope 0.008 0.004 0.036 0.006 0.004 0.107 Covariance slope- intercept 0.005 0.006 0.406 0.005 0.005 0.366 95% prediction intervals B SE p B SE p LL- B -0.172 0.043 <0.001 -0.140 0.051 0.006 UL- B 0.168 0.044 <0.001 0.165 0.055 0.003 LL- β -0.296 0.073 <0.001 -0.242 0.088 0.006 UL- β 0.289 0.076 <0.001 0.284 0.095 0.003 Fit statistics Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Free parameters 11 13 Deviance/AIC/BIC 12804.2 12826.2 12899.3 12469.8 12495.8 12582.2 Model comparison 1 Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Δ Free parameters 2 2 Δ Deviance/AIC/BIC -10.5 -6.5 6.8 -8.7 -4.7 8.6 p -value deviance 0.005 0.013 Corrected p -value 2 0.003 0.008 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; LL = 95% prediction interval lower limit; UL = 95% prediction interval upper limit; β = STDYX-standardized; Est. = estimate; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. 1 Model 5a was compared to Model 1a; Model 6a was compared to Model 2a. 2 The p- value for the deviance was corrected to take into account the boundary of the slope variance parameter (Hox, 2010b; Stoel et al., 2006).