Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 8 274 Table A8.3 (continued) Random Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m5c m6c Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p B SE p Wave -0.150 0.014 <0.001 -0.149 0.015 <0.001 SMU problems -0.104 0.010 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking -0.004 0.007 0.602 0.004 0.007 0.613 SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p B SE p Female -0.094 0.038 0.013 -0.085 0.034 0.014 Pre-vocational education -0.013 0.041 0.745 0.055 0.042 0.193 Immigrant background 0.011 0.059 0.846 0.023 0.058 0.695 SMU problems -0.194 0.020 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking -0.014 0.013 0.275 0.016 0.014 0.239 SNS responding IM viewing IM sending Random parameters B SE p B SE p Residual variance within 0.391 0.013 <0.001 0.376 0.014 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.276 0.017 <0.001 0.237 0.015 <0.001 Variance slope 0.005 0.003 0.054 0.005 0.002 0.039 Covariance slope- intercept 0.011 0.005 0.046 0.008 0.005 0.094 95% prediction intervals B SE p B SE p LL- B -0.145 0.038 <0.001 -0.133 0.035 <0.001 UL- B 0.137 0.039 <0.001 0.140 0.035 <0.001 LL- β -0.303 0.080 <0.001 -0.280 0.074 <0.001 UL- β 0.288 0.081 <0.001 0.295 0.074 <0.001 Fit statistics Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Free parameters 11 13 Deviance/AIC/BIC 12801.6 12823.6 12896.6 12466.1 12492.1 12578.5 Model comparison 1 Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Δ Free parameters 2 2 Δ Deviance/AIC/BIC -18.4 -14.4 -1.1 -15.5 -11.5 1.8 p -value deviance <0.001 <0.001 Corrected p -value 2 <0.001 <0.001 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; LL = 95% prediction interval lower limit; UL = 95% prediction interval upper limit; β = STDYX-standardized; Est. = estimate; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. 1 Model 5c was compared to Model 1c; Model 6c was compared to Model 2c. 2 The p- value for the deviance was corrected to take into account the boundary of the slope variance parameter (Hox, 2010b; Stoel et al., 2006).