Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 8 276 Table A8.3 (continued) Random Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m5e m6e Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p B SE p Wave -0.147 0.014 <0.001 -0.148 0.016 <0.001 SMU problems -0.105 0.010 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing -0.011 0.011 0.324 0.008 0.011 0.469 IM sending Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p B SE p Female -0.095 0.036 0.008 -0.081 0.033 0.013 Pre-vocational education <0.001 0.041 0.997 0.053 0.042 0.209 Immigrant background 0.008 0.058 0.893 0.024 0.058 0.678 SMU problems -0.196 0.020 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing -0.046 0.015 0.002 0.016 0.016 0.313 IM sending Random parameters B SE p B SE p Residual variance within 0.387 0.016 <0.001 0.373 0.015 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.275 0.017 <0.001 0.239 0.015 <0.001 Variance slope 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.011 0.004 0.006 Covariance slope- intercept 0.008 0.007 0.296 0.005 0.006 0.351 95% prediction intervals B SE p B SE p LL- B -0.226 0.037 <0.001 -0.198 0.038 <0.001 UL- B 0.203 0.039 <0.001 0.215 0.041 <0.001 LL- β -0.349 0.058 <0.001 -0.308 0.059 <0.001 UL- β 0.314 0.061 <0.001 0.334 0.064 <0.001 Fit statistics Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Free parameters 11 13 Deviance/AIC/BIC 12790.3 12812.3 12885.4 12466.4 12492.4 12578.8 Model comparison 1 Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Δ Free parameters 2 2 Δ Deviance/AIC/BIC -18.1 -14.1 -0.8 -15.8 -11.8 1.5 p -value deviance <0.001 <0.001 Corrected p -value 2 <0.001 <0.001 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; LL = 95% prediction interval lower limit; UL = 95% prediction interval upper limit; β = STDYX-standardized; Est. = estimate; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. 1 Model 5e was compared to Model 1e; Model 6e was compared to Model 2e. 2 The p- value for the deviance was corrected to take into account the boundary of the slope variance parameter (Hox, 2010b; Stoel et al., 2006).