Maartje Boer

THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMU AND WELLBEING 277 8 Table A8.3 (continued) Random Effects Models, Life Satisfaction m5f m6f Level 1 ( n = 5,676) B SE p B SE p Wave -0.148 0.014 <0.001 -0.147 0.015 <0.001 SMU problems -0.101 0.009 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending -0.024 0.012 0.052 -0.011 0.012 0.393 Level 2 ( n = 1,419) B SE p B SE p Female -0.089 0.036 0.013 -0.078 0.033 0.018 Pre-vocational education -0.007 0.040 0.868 0.055 0.041 0.186 Immigrant background 0.007 0.060 0.908 0.021 0.059 0.717 SMU problems -0.192 0.019 <0.001 SNS viewing SNS posting SNS liking SNS responding IM viewing IM sending -0.035 0.013 0.008 0.012 0.014 0.424 Random parameters B SE p B SE p Residual variance within 0.391 0.014 <0.001 0.378 0.015 <0.001 Residual variance between 0.275 0.017 <0.001 0.237 0.015 <0.001 Variance slope 0.007 0.004 0.064 0.005 0.003 0.111 Covariance slope- intercept 0.016 0.006 0.004 0.012 0.005 0.013 95% prediction intervals B SE p B SE p LL- B -0.182 0.046 <0.001 -0.153 0.049 0.002 UL- B 0.135 0.046 0.004 0.132 0.048 0.006 LL- β -0.320 0.080 <0.001 -0.271 0.087 0.002 UL- β 0.237 0.081 0.004 0.233 0.085 0.006 Fit statistics Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Free parameters 11 13 Deviance/AIC/BIC 12781.7 12803.7 12876.8 12465.5 12491.5 12577.9 Model comparison 1 Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Δ Free parameters 2 2 Δ Deviance/AIC/BIC -20.9 -16.9 -3.6 -14.8 -10.8 2.5 p -value deviance <0.001 0.001 Corrected p -value 2 <0.001 <0.001 Notes. SNS = social network sites; IM = instant messengers; SMU = social media use; Level 1 = yearly measurements; Level 2 = adolescents; B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error, p = p- value; LL = 95% prediction interval lower limit; UL = 95% prediction interval upper limit; β = STDYX-standardized; Est. = estimate; Deviance = -2*loglikelihood; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. 1 Model 5f was compared to Model 1f; Model 6f was compared to Model 2f. 2 The p- value for the deviance was corrected to take into account the boundary of the slope variance parameter (Hox, 2010b; Stoel et al., 2006).