Maartje Boer

VALIDATION OF THE SMD-SCALE 41 2 Table 2.2 Results EFA and CFA Calibration sample ( n = 3,310) Validation sample ( n = 3,316) Observed proportion EFA, rotated factor solutions ( β ) Observed proportion CFA ( β ) One- factor solution Two-factor solution Three-factor solution One- factor solution Criterion During the past year, have you … Factor 1 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Preoccupation …regularly found that you can't think of anything else but the moment that you will be able to use social media again? 0.237 0.543* 0.358* 0.232* 0.422* 0.156 0.008 0.282 0.518* Tolerance …regularly felt dissatisfied because you wanted to spend more time on social media? 0.083 0.729* 0.604* 0.204 0.835* -0.073 0.020 0.084 0.729* Withdrawal …often felt bad when you could not use social media? 0.173 0.697* 0.833* -0.003 0.928* 0.008 -0.183 0.178 0.711* Persistence …tried to spend less time on social media, but failed? 0.274 0.559* 0.079 0.501* -0.069 0.699* 0.001 0.235 0.607* Displacement …regularly had no interest in hobbies or other activities because you would rather use social media? 0.141 0.627* 0.054 0.594* 0.021 0.528* 0.159 0.143 0.660* Problem …regularly had arguments with others because of your social media use? 0.157 0.748* -0.068 0.835* -0.012 0.322* 0.561* 0.160 0.688* Deception …regularly lied to your parents or friends about the amount of time you spend on social media? 0.129 0.716* 0.006 0.729* 0.011 0.449* 0.358* 0.121 0.684* Escape …often used social media so you didn't have to think about unpleasant things? 0.297 0.614* 0.243* 0.409* 0.238 0.437* -0.005 0.284 0.553* Conflict …had serious conflict with your parents, brother(s) or sister(s) because of your social media use? 0.055 0.795* -0.002 0.817* 0.103 0.002 0.844* 0.050 0.764* Notes. EFA = Exploratory Factor Analysis; CFA = Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Grey cells depict significant factor loadings at p < 0.05.