Maartje Boer

CROSS-NATIONAL VALIDATION OF THE SMD-SCALE 69 3 Figure 3.1 Distribution of the Sum-Score of the Social Media Disorder-Scale, Pooled Sample, n = 222,532. Note. SMU = social media use. Table 3.2 Multivariate Logistic Regression, Problematic SMU (n = 222,532 in 44 Countries) Pooled sample Analyses by country B SE OR Countries positive Min. OR 1 Max. OR 1 Countries negative Min. OR 2 Max. OR 2 Survey mode (ref. = paper and pencil self-completion) 3 Digital self- completion -0.026 0.024 0.974 0 0 Gender (ref. = boy) Girl 0.189*** 0.019 1.208 19 1.326 1.853 4 0.475 0.779 Age (ref. = 11-year-old) 13-year-old 0.394*** 0.028 1.484 27 1.395 3.225 1 0.215 0.215 15-year-old 0.477*** 0.029 1.612 28 1.470 3.238 1 0.341 0.341 Socioeconomic status (ref. = low) Middle -0.100*** 0.023 0.905 1 2.939 2.939 4 0.576 0.683 High -0.023 0.028 0.977 1 1.547 1.547 5 0.503 0.682 Notes. SMU = social media use; B = logit coefficient; SE = standard error; p = p-value; OR = odds ratio; ref. = reference category; problematic SMUwas defined by reporting six to nine problematic SMU criteria. 1 Minimum/maximumvalue of the OR across countries where a positive association was found ( p < 0.05). 2 Minimum/maximumvalue of theOR across countries where a negative associationwas found ( p < 0.05). 3 The association between surveymode and problematic SMUwas estimated across eight out of 44 countries ( n = 43,802), because there were only eight countries where both surveymodes were employed. *** = p < 0.001.