Maartje Boer

CHAPTER 3 70 Table 3.3 Summary CFA Results, Validation Samples, by Country (n = 111,278 in 44 Countries) During the past year, have you… Item Min. loading 1 Max. loading 2 Average loading 3 …regularly found that you can’t think of anything else but the moment that you will be able to use social media again? Preoccupation 0.524 0.805 0.709 …regularly felt dissatisfied because you wanted to spend more time on social media? Tolerance 0.630 0.857 0.743 …often felt bad when you could not use social media? Withdrawal 0.604 0.851 0.733 …tried to spend less time on social media, but failed? Persistence 0.380 0.814 0.566 …regularly neglected other activities (e.g., hobbies, sport) because you wanted to use social media? Displacement 0.509 0.838 0.654 …regularly had arguments with others because of your social media use? Problem 0.470 0.873 0.718 …regularly lied to your parents or friends about the amount of time you spend on social media? Deception 0.589 0.859 0.738 …often used social media to escape from negative feelings? Escape 0.496 0.829 0.615 …had serious conflict with your parents, brother(s) or sister(s) because of your social media use? Conflict 0.617 0.930 0.766 Notes. CFA = confirmatory factor analysis; SMU = social media use. 1 Lowest observed factor loading across all 44 countries. 2 Highest observed factor loading across all 44 countries. 3 Average factor loading calculated from 44 countries. CFAs showed that, in all countries, the one-factor model had goodmodel fit (min. CFI and TLI: 0.963 and 0.951, max. RMSEA and SRMR: 0.057 and 0.060). On average, all factor loadings exceeded 0.50 (Table 3.3). In all countries, at least five factor loadings exceeded 0.50. More specifically, for 33 countries, all nine factor loadings exceeded 0.50. In nine countries, there was one itemwith a factor loading below 0.50. In two countries, there were two items with factor loadings below 0.50. However, the lowest observed factor loading was 0.38 (‘persistence’ in Greece). Details about the CFA estimated by country can be found in the Appendix (Tables A3.5 and A3.6). Overall, the model fit and factor loadings confirm a solid structural validity in all countries. Reliability Ordinal alpha for the nine items on the pooled sample was 0.90. Alpha ranged between 0.84 (Greece) and 0.95 (Azerbaijan), suggesting good reliability across all countries. Reliability estimates for all countries are provided in the Appendix (Table A3.5).