Maartje Boer

CROSS-NATIONAL VALIDATION OF THE SMD-SCALE 77 3 scale. Seventh, although response rates were generally high, results are possibly somewhat affected by voluntary response bias given the sampling design. Conclusion Given the widespread adoption of social media among adolescents and the risks that are associated with addiction-like problematic SMU observed worldwide, it is essential that a suitable measure is available to allow for adequate assessments and cross-national comparisons of problematic SMU. Findings from the present study demonstrate that the SMD-scale is reliable, valid, and comparable across many national contexts, thereby facilitating future research on problematic SMU.