159 Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Crosstalk Table 1. Astrocyte involvement in white matter CNS diseases (continued) Disease Pathology Detrimental impact on astrocytes Beneficial impact on astrocytes Ref Toxic-metabolic PNND Depends on position and type of tumour. Pathogenic antibodies and CD8+ T cells to astrocytic antigens expressed on tumour induces neurological damage Unknown 39,40 Hypoxiaischemia Binswanger disease Chronic microvascular leukoencephalopathy, white matter lesions, axonal damage. Damage to BBB leads to peri-infarct reactive astrocytes Unknown 41 Cerebral hypoxia and ischemia in new-borns Diffuse white matter damage, gliosis, decrease in oligodendrocytes. Reactive astrocytes form a glia scar and secret inflammatory molecules e.g. ROS Astrocytes produce PDGF, IGF-1, elevated levels of EAAT2 aid glutamate removal in response to hypoxia. VEGF production mobilises stem cells. BDNF reduces apoptosis. 42,43 TBI Diffuse axonal injury Axonal damage, tau accumulation, secondary white matter damage, astrogliosis. Glial scar inhibits remyelination and axonal regrowth Glial scar prevents spread of toxic molecules 2,44 Lysosomal storage MLD Accumulated sulfatides leads to demyelination, sparing of U-fibres. Eosinophilic granules in macrophages, metachromasia. Sulfatide accumulates in astrocytes impairing differentiation Unknown 45 Peroxisomal X-linked ALD Defective ABCD1 transport protein. Increased saturated VLCFA in serum. Progressive demyelination. VLCFA accumulate in glia. Astrocyte stress prior to myelin damage due to accumulated VLCFA. Astrocytes produce ROS and have impaired oxidative ATP synthesis and decreased Ca2+ uptake capacity Unknown 46,47
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