16 Chapter 1 Table 2. Biomarkers and Imaging of Neuroinflammatory Diseases Target type Target Marker Methods Ref Resident CNS cells TSPO Innate immune activation PET, SPECT 76 Monoamine oxidase-B Reactive astrocytes PET 76 Cyclooxygenase 1 Activated microglia and astrocytes PET 76 MPO Inflammatory mediator in leukocytes MRI, PET 77 Adenosine receptors Cell injury PET 78 A4B2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Activated microglia and astrocytes PET 76 Myo-inositol Astrocyte hypertrophy MRS 76 N-acetyl-aspartate Neuronal integrity MRS 76 Iron accumulation Free radical formation, mitochondrial or neuronal dysfunction MRI 79 Myelin Demyelination and loss of myelin integrity in white matter disorders PET 76 BBB integrity VCAM Activation BBB Molecular imaging 76 P-gp Alterations of expression in relation to BBB activity PET, optical imaging 76 Immune markers Cytokines Pro or anti-inflammatory signals CSF 80 Chemokines Pro or anti-inflammatory signals CSF 80 SPIO SPIO-labelled phagocytic cells MRI 81 Antibodies Oligoclonal bands IgG of unknown specificity CSF 82 Anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies Antibodies to aquaporin 4 (water channel protein) Blood 82 Anti-NF antibodies Neuronal damage Blood 82 Free proteins Neurofilaments Neuronal damage CSF 82 microRNAs Circulating microRNAs involved in inflammation Blood 82 β-amyloid Proteins involved in disease pathology Blood 83 Tau Proteins involved in disease pathology Blood 84 Annexin V Apoptosis PET, SPECT, blood 76 Exosomes A potential mechanism by which pathology is spread and/or toxic proteins are transported CSF/blood 84 Abbreviations: BBB, blood brain barrier; CNS, central nervous system, CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MPO, myeloperoxidase; PET, positron emission tomography; Pgp, P-glycoprotein; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; SPIO, superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide; TSPO, translocator protein; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.
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