67 Activated microglia do not upregulate translocator protein HLA-DR CONTROL IBA-1 HLA-DR / IBA-1 / CD68 A ACTIVE B CA RIM C INACTIVE D CD68 E F Single Double Figure 2. Expression of microglia/macrophage markers in white matter lesions in MS. Representative images of HLA-DR, IBA-1 and CD68 expression in control (a) and multiple sclerosis lesions (b-d); Active (b), chronic active (CA) rim (c) and inactive (d) lesions. (e) Quantitative analysis of the number of positive cells for the three microglia/ macrophage markers showing an increase in microglia/macrophage cell density in the active lesion areas (f). ****P<0.0001. Scale bar = 50 µm. NAWM = normal appearing white matter, CA = chronic active. (64%, SEM 6%) were positive for IBA-1 and CD68 but negative for HLA-DR (Fig. 2E). The few remaining cells were triple positive. However, in active white matter lesions and the rim of chronic active lesions, most microglia and macrophages (76%, SEM 19%) were triple positive, and the few remaining cells were double (either IBA-1/CD68, IBA-1/HLA-DR, or HLA-DR/ CD68) or single positive (Fig. 2E).
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