72 Chapter 3 Variable No guidance group (n=23) Proctor guided group (n=23) Simulator generated guidance group (n=24) F-value DF 1 DF 2 p-value overall P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Proctor guided group P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Simulator generated guidance group P-value Proctor guided group vs... Simulator generated guidance group Time and Economy Total time (sec) 242.9 (486.9) -24.9 (503.4) 12.5 (355.9) 0.749@ 2@ 63@ .477@ .445^ .845^ .771^ Number of movements - left instrument (n) 68.0 (499) 27.5 (426) -20.0 (332) 0.580@ 2@ 63@ .563@ .544^ .751^ .935^ Number of movements - right instrument (n) 188.0 (542) -42.0 (537) -47.0 (286) 1.079@ 2@ 63@ .346@ .318^ .637^ .836^ Path length - left instrument (mm) 1232.3 (6042) -290.8 (4684) -1249.0 (3198) 0.245@ 2@ 63@ .783@ .800^ .833^ .997^ Path length - right instrument (mm) 985.9 (5569) 1599.9 (5980) -849.1 (3547) 0.661@ 2@ 63@ .520@ .647^ .529^ .982^ Distance by camera (mm) 157.9 (1159) -14.7 (1622) 1.1 (954) 0.665@ 2@ 63@ .518@ .568^ .998^ .594^ Instrument collisions (n) 13.0 (77) 16.0 (63) -8.0 (84) 0.760@ 2@ 63@ .472@ .475^ .620^ .966^ Total path of instruments traveled out of view (mm) 190.3 (1948) 113.0 (1995) -299.8 (1537) 0.378@ 2@ 63@ .687@ .662^ .912^ .883^ Table 2. Difference between pre- and post-intervention vesicourethral anastomosis simulation exercise scores in the study groups.
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