73 Training novice robot surgeons: Proctoring provides same results as simulator-generated guidance Number of times instruments are out of view (n) -3.0 (55) -1.0 (77) -12.0 (53) 1.362@ 2@ 63@ .264@ .280^ .956^ .409^ Total time instruments are out of view (seconds) 4.7 (125.1) -49.0 (207.9) -21.0 (156.9) 0.600@ 2@ 63@ .552@ .611^ 1.00^ .613^ Clutch usage (n) 7.0 (12) 0.0 (11) 0.0 (15) 2.240@ 2@ 63@ .115@ .103^ .752^ .350^ Safety and Complications Injury to the Urethra (n) 3.0 (13) 4.0 (10) 2.0 (9) 1.252@ 2@ 63@ .293@ .332^ .986^ .399^ Injury to Bladder Neck (n) 0.0 (3) 0.5 (5) -1.0 (6) 2.180* 2* 20.0* .145* .342$ .320$ .053$ Suspected injury to the Bladder (n) 0.0 (1) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 1.570* 2* 15.3* .252* .462$ .444$ .964$ Suspected injury to the Neurovascular Bundle (n) 0.0 (1) 0.0 (2) 0.0 (1) 0.791@ 2@ 54@ .459@ .758^ .426^ .819^ Suspected injury to the Ureteral Orifices (n) 0.0 (1) 0.0 (1) 0.0 (2) 0.182@ 2@ 57@ .834@ .930^ .819^ .966^ Table 2. continued Variable No guidance group (n=23) Proctor guided group (n=23) Simulator generated guidance group (n=24) F-value DF 1 DF 2 p-value overall P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Proctor guided group P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Simulator generated guidance group P-value Proctor guided group vs... Simulator generated guidance group
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