92 Chapter 3 Total time instruments are out of view (seconds) 82.5 (267.3) 121.5 (317.2) 98.3 (129.5) 0.873@ 2@ 66@ 0.422@ 0.724^ 0.848^ 0.391^ Clutch usage (n) 8.0 (13.0) 4.5 (15.8) 4.5 (11.8) 0.391@ 2@ 66@ 0.678@ 0.721^ 1.000^ 0.724^ Safety and Complications Injury to the Urethra (n) 9.0 (12.0) 11.5 (14.3) 9.0 (9.5) 0.974@ 2@ 66@ 0.393@ 0.953^ 0.394^ 0.581^ Injury to Bladder Neck (n) 2.0 (6.0) 2.0 (4.5) 1.0 (4.0) 1.654@ 2@ 62@ 0.200@ 0.887^ 0.402^ 0.195^ Suspected injury to the Bladder (n) 1.0 (2.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (1.0) 4.011* 2* 24.602* 0.031* 0.078$ 0.189$ 0.502$ Suspected injury to the Neurovascular Bundle (n) 1.0 (3.0) 1.0 (3.0) 0.0 (1.0) 1.937* 2* 42.173* 0.157* 0.977$ 0.159$ 0.178$ Suspected injury to the Ureteral Orifices (n) 0.5 (1.3) 0.0 (1.0) 0.0 (1.0) 0.608@ 2@ 56@ 0.548* 0.994^ 0.658^ 0.571^ Suspected injury to the Endopelvic Fascia/Urethral Sphincter (n) 6.0 (7.0) 7.0 (15.5) 3.0 (8.0) 2.264* 2* 36.198* 0.118* 0.454$ 0.556$ 0.168$ Wound separation (mm) 13.6 (7.3) 13.6 (4.5) 14.6 (10.2) 0.746@ 2@ 66@ 0.478@ 0.530^ 0.999^ 0.550^ Improper suturing technique (n) 4.0 (5.0) 3.0 (4.0) 1.0 (3.0) 0.635@ 2@ 57@ 0.534@ 0.600^ 0.583^ 0.999^ Variable No guidance group (n=23) Proctor guided group (n=23) Simulator generated guidance group (n=24) F-value DF 1 DF 2 p-value overall P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Proctor guided group P-value Non-No guidance group vs... Simulator generated guidance group P-value Proctor guided group vs... Simulator generated guidance group
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