152 Inclusion criteria were: being aged between 18 and 35 years, having a good understanding of the English language, and (corrected to) normal vision and hearing. Exclusion criteria were: pregnancy, chronic pain, serious medical or psychiatric conditions that interfere with the study of pain, painful health conditions experienced in the past 6 months, and pain or the use of analgesic medication on the day of testing. Participants would also be excluded if their pain tolerance was too high (i.e., when the thermode maximum temperature of 49.9°C was not sufficient to induce at least moderate pain). Participants were recruited via posters and the recruitment website Sona (Sona Systems, Tallinn, Estonia). Study participation involved a 1.5-hour testing session at a research laboratory of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Leiden University, the Netherlands. All participants provided informed consent and were reimbursed by either cash (€15) or study credits. This study was approved by the Leiden University Psychology Research Ethics Committee (CEP19-0614/347) and pre-registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Thermal pain stimulation Thermal pain stimuli were delivered to participants’ non-dominant volar forearm via a Thermal Sensory Analyzer with a 3×3 cm thermode probe (TSA-II; Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Ramat Yishai, Israel). Throughout the experiment, pain intensities on the arm were rated verbally on a numeric rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable on the arm). Throughout the experiment, each stimulus was initiated from a baseline of 32°C, increased to the target temperature with ramp up and return rates of 8°C per second, and presented at peak for 4 secs. The inter-stimulus interval was 10 secs. Sensory and pain thresholds
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