Table 1. Overview of study characteristics included in the review and key findings. First author Year Sample size per nocebo group (n) Experimental paradigm per nocebo group Pain administra tion method Nocebo (high pain) acquisition trials* Neurophysiolo gical measure Key neurobiologic al outcome measures Key findings Albu 2016 15 NVS Thermal n/a EEG Resting-state EEG with classical frequency band analyses Enhanced low alpha (8–10 Hz) power Thomai dou, Blythe, Houtma n 2021 36 Conditioning with NVS Thermal 16 trials (10-second plateau) EEG Continuous and resting-state EEG with classical frequency band and biomarker analyses Increases in complexity of oscillations leading to larger nocebo responses, increases in alpha oscillations in noceboaugmented pain Pazzagli a 2016 9 & 9 NVS & Conditioning with NVS Laser 50-60 trials (<1-second plateau) EEG Laser-evoked potentials that are responses to laser radiant heat pulses and reflect activation of Aδ nociceptors N2/P2 amplitude reduction Piedimo nte 2017 17 & 17 NVS & Conditioning with NVS Electric 20 trials in conditioning 4 trials in evocation (<1-second plateau) EEG Early and late contingent negative variation amplitudes that relate to sensory and motor components of pain, respectively Contingent negative variation amplitudes showed higher early negativity in nocebo trials Hird 2018 14 Conditioning Laser & Electric 90 trials in conditioning /evocation (<1-second plateau) EEG Laser-evoked and electric evoked potentials (as above), specifically the stimuluspreceding negativity Stimuluspreceding negativity at centroparieta l electrodes was found to differentiate pain intensity expectation, with nocebo
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