72 Schmid 2013 18 NVS Visceral pressure n/a fMRI Differences in BOLD activations Increased insula and somatosenso ry cortex activation Schmid 2015 22 NVS Visceral pressure n/a fMRI Differences in BOLD activations and connectivity analyses Hyperactivati on in somatosenso ry cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, midcingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, and amygdala Geuter 2013 23 Conditioning with NVS Thermal 6 trials in precondition ing 6 trials in conditioning (17-second plateau) Spinal fMRI Differences in spinal BOLD activations Increased activation in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Tinnerm ann 2017 49 Conditioning with NVS Thermal 16 trials in precondition ing 16 trials in conditioning (16-second plateau) Spinal and brain fMRI Differences in brain and spinal BOLD activations Increased activation in spinal cord, slightly more caudal and medial than pain cluster. Increased activation in prefrontal areas, amygdala, periaqueducta l gray. Deactivation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Note: These selected studies examined experimentally induced nocebo hyperalgesia in healthy humans. The studies are categorized as described in the main text, based on neurobiological outcome and subsequently based on their relevance to each other. In all studies, nocebo effects were evoked and assessed during a phase where all pain stimulations were equivalent intensity. The number of trials and length of pain stimulations at plateau are also listed. All studies employed diverse nocebo induction paradigms and conditioning paradigms employed a range of different numbers of stimuli and pain application methods. *The column listing nocebo acquisition trials also lists acquisition (i.e., reinforced) trials included within evocation phases when applicable. Abbreviations: NVS, Negative (Verbal) Suggestions; EEG, electroencephalography; MEG, magnetoencephalography; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; tDCS, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
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