80 Figure 2. The neurobiological correlates of nocebo hyperalgesia. When classical conditioning and/or negative suggestions are used to experimentally induce nocebo hyperalgesia, a complex interplay of electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and central nervous system functionality come into play. These neurobiological factors involve a wide array of functions ranging from basic nociceptive to cognitive-affective. Green upward arrows indicate increases/activations of particular regions, components, or chemicals, while red downward arrows indicate decreases/deactivations (*CCK’s role cannot be simplified by a red/green arrow). EEG, electroencephalography; MEG, magnetoencephalography; SPN, stimulus-preceding negativity; CNV, contingent negative variation; (dl)PFC, (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; PAG, periaqueductal grey; CCK, cholecystokinin; COX-PG, cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin pathway; DA, dopamine. This figure was created using BioRender.com.
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