74 are present within the whole network, and is hence a measure of how connected the team is (Civís et al., 2019; Harris, 2003; Liou et al., 2020; Sergiovanni, 2001). Secondly, dynamic is reflected by the degree of centeredness of the network around a few central members. It presents how and whether the dynamics of advice seeking in a network proceeds via multiple persons or a small amount of (or one) central member(s) (Borgatti et al., 2013). A network becomes more centralized around those who are asked for resources (for instance advice) by more others (Borgatti et al., 2013). The social network measure indegree centrality helps to study the dynamic aspect since it describes the distribution of ties by identifying to what extent those ties are organized around one or a few central members (D’Innocenzo et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2020). A high indegree centralization signals that a network is highly dependent on a small number of members and thus not that dynamic. If this is the case, this means that the power of individual members varies substantially, with leadership being rather unequally distributed across team members (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005). A low indegree centralization signals that multiple team members are central and thus advice seeking, and for instance a flow of information, is dynamically spread among team members. Thirdly, to measure the third core aspect of distributed leadership, namely relational, we add a third social network measure to the combination of measures. As described before the relational aspect is about reciprocal interactions. The social network measure reciprocity helps to study the relational aspect since it provides insights into the hierarchy within a team and whether there is an interaction (Liou et al., 2020). Reciprocity presents the number of reciprocated ties on a dyadic level. A team with more reciprocated ties among its members is likely less hierarchical and thus more characterized by a distributed leadership structure. Table 4.1 provides an overview of how we aim to describe and measure distributed leadership by a social network perspective. The three social network measures are expected to add to each other since they all capture another aspect of interaction and relation. Where density simply indicates the connectedness of a school team, centrality indicates whether there are central members on which a school team is dependent on, and reciprocity captures whether the relations are reciprocal and thus the hierarchy of the network of a school team. In sum, we aim to study how all three core aspects of the multi-faceted concept of distributed leadership can be measured by applying three social network measures. 4.3. Methods 4.3.1. Context of the study: Program aimed at collaborative innovation The research described in this paper is part of a larger research project investigating the effects of a Dutch program aimed at enhancing collaborations for innovation
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