103 Anticipatory governance of sustainability transformations 4 (and how and when) what food system-related innovations are desirable, what change is feasible, whether the focus should be on incremental or radical change, and what parts of food systems (and their political, economic, social and environmental contexts) are included (Duncan, Z. Levkoe and Moragues-Faus, 2019). The framework on anticipatory governance (Muiderman et al., 2020) can bring these assumptions about the future to light and their implications for actions in the present. Connecting these findings to the framework on transformations (Feola, 2015) can help understand what these approaches mean for steering sustainability transformations in the food system domain and beyond. 4.3. Methodology This section describes the methodological approach used for our empirical analysis. We first describe the case study. Then we delineate how we collected the data, through the use of multiple methods and explain our comparative approach to the data analysis. 4.3.1. Case study: The Foresight4Food Initiative We utilize a qualitative case study approach in applying the analytical framework described above to analyze anticipatory governance processes within the Foresight4Food initiative. The Foresight4Food initiative was set up in 2017 at the University of Oxford to function as a global platform for foresight practitioners and researchers working on food system, with support provided by the Open Society Foundation, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), The Global Forum for Agricultural Research (GFAR), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)/University of Montpellier, and the University of Oxford. The Foresight4Food initiative provides a connecting platform for diverse independent projects that aim to strengthen food systems foresight analysis through quantitative and qualitative methods and tools and improve the linkages between scientific analysis and policy dialogue with stakeholders (Foresight4Food n.d.). Conversations within the initiative have particular focused on transforming global food systems to a more sustainable and resilient path (Foresight4Food, n. d.), for which some projects use foresight as a way to understand future complexities that allow for adapting current food systems to the impacts of climate change, while other projects have a more normative outlook and focus on alternative food systems futures to challenge and transform the status quo. For our analysis, we draw on a representative cross-section of these projects, taking into account geographic spread and the use of qualitative versus quantitative anticipatory methods. Our analysis documents the viewpoints and experiences of participants in the Foresight4Food initiative during the period January-June 2020. We sent out a survey in
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