119 Anticipatory governance of sustainability transformations 4 Solution-oriented research Analytic-descriptive research PRESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE EMERGENT DELIBERATE Approach 1 Approach 2 Approach 3 Approach 4 ©UU GEO 9995 Solution-oriented research Analytic-descriptive research Figure 4.3. The four approaches to anticipatory governance mapped onto Feola’s (2015) framework on concepts of transformations. The vertical axis represents the spectrum of research approaches that relate to how change is seen to happen, ranging from seeing transformation as a deliberate and actor-driven to an emergent process. The horizontal axis presents the spectrum of research approaches that relate to how transformations research is framed, ranging from more prescriptive to descriptive outcomes. These axes identify research approaches as either analytic-descriptive (the below left box) to include perspectives from e.g. social practice and socioecological transition literatures, or solution-oriented to include perspectives from e.g. transformational adaptation and deliberative transformation literatures. The four circles represent the four different approaches from Muiderman et al, 2020 (see table 4.1). Approach 2 is largely analytical-descriptive, focusing on complexities and uncertainties to be navigated as they emerge – though this also includes some aspects of deliberate action (actors navigating uncertainty) and of prescription (guidance on the navigation). By contrast, approach 3 is mostly solution-oriented and prescriptive, seeing transformations as deliberate action by societal actors and groups based on images of the future in which various stakeholders have agency. However, like its counterpart in approach 2, it also includes some insights on the emergent nature of transformations, and some analyticaldescriptive work to support its more prescriptive, deliberate focus. Approach 4 offers a
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