140 Chapter 5 assess future climate change (e.g., Burkina Faso’s National Climate Adaptation Plan). And then combine this with participatory methods to discuss policy options, for example serious gaming and a policy forum (e.g., AMMA-2050 in Senegal), or a participatory approach to monitoring and evaluation (A practical consensual tool for water policy in Burkina Faso, Gahi et al., 2015). A few processes started with participatory scenario methods to explored multiple plausible futures with diverse stakeholders (academia, policy, private sector, and civil society) – and sometimes quantified these narratives. Only a few processes used budget analysis. The policy documents we reviewed often start with a normative future vision for the country and to this end use quantitative (and sometimes qualitative) scenarios to determine which policy measures are needed to realize this future, for example macroeconomic trend analysis (e.g. Ghana’s Shared Growth and Development Agenda II) or climatic trend analysis (e.g. Senegal’s National Adaptation Plan for the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector in the Face of Climate Change Horizon 2035 uses the IPCC scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5 in two global models). Visions are also developed in a participatory way (e.g., Niger’s Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management), but some policy documents stated that visions were legitimized through elections (e.g., Ghana’s Coordinated Program of Economic and Social Development Policies). Almost all of these processes were organized by consortia of academic institutes and governmental agencies and were organized and funded by international organizations and donors, including the World Bank, UNDP and NEPAD, donor governments and agencies, such as USAID and DFID, and developmental research institutes such as CIRAD and CGIAR. These organizations collaborate with West African partners, such as ministries and research institutes, to co-design the processes and involve more stakeholders. 5.4.1.2. Conceptions of the future, implications for actions and ultimate aims The first example, the West African Biodiversity and Climate Change (WABiCC) Program organizes, amongst others, participatory workshops to improve access to and understanding of high-quality portals and models to increase preparedness and resilience to future climate risks for coastal areas, in a hybrid approach of 1 and 2. The focus on science-based risk mitigation was needed because according to one interviewee “looking at the NAP (National Adaptation Plan) reports and the NAPA (National Adaptation Program of Action) process, national communications, I often found that the climate information provided in this region that were leading to the selection to adaption policies was oftentimes not very good” (Interview, 19 March 2019). The project hopes to change the
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