24 Chapter 1 in a climate-vulnerable context: West Africa. In a single case study design, it analyzes written and spoken statements in reports, literature, policy documents, semi-structured interviews and online communication. The research demonstrates that there is a hybridity of approaches, explains why certain approaches become dominant, and what the implications of dominant and marginalized approaches may be for the democratic and transformative potential of anticipatory governance. Next, chapter 4 connects the framework with a framework on transformation to research what different approaches to anticipatory governance mean for steering actions to transform food systems. It is a case study of a global initiative of foresight practitioners working on food systems transformations across the globe that analyzes their perspectives in a survey, a two-day workshop and interview. The study helps understand what approaches dominate and why and what the implications are for realizing sustainability transformations. The final empirical chapter, chapter 5, connects the framework to the notion of opening up and closing down to investigate what approaches to anticipatory governance mean for the framing of the space of future possibilities and possibilities for action. This is a cross-regional case study that compares anticipation processes in four regions of the Global South: West Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central America and analyzes written and spoken perspectives in reports, literature, policy documents, semistructured interviews, online communication and focus group discussions. Combining this conceptual and empirical focus allows me to address all four research questions in a cross-cutting way. I come back to this in the conclusions chapter, chapter 6, which answers each of the research questions and discusses the contribution of the thesis to the conceptualization of anticipatory governance and wider literature.
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