3.3.2. Data collection 73 3.3.3. Data analysis 75 3.4. Approaches to anticipatory climate governance in West Africa 76 3.4.1. Anticipation processes and decision-making 76 3.4.2. Three processes: conceptions of the future, implications for actions in the present and ultimate aims 78 3.5. Discussion and conclusions 82 3.5.1. Conflicting assumptions within hybrids of approaches 1 and 2 83 3.5.2. Placing politics central in anticipatory governance 84 3.5.3. Consequences for anticipatory climate governance in West Africa 85 3.5.4. Reflections on the framework 87 Chapter 4 Anticipatory governance of sustainability transformations 97 4.1. Introduction 98 4.2. Anticipation for food system transformations 100 4.3. Methodology 103 4.3.1. Case study: The Foresight4Food Initiative 103 4.3.2. Data collection methods 107 4.3.3. Approach to the data analysis 108 4.4. Results: Anticipatory governance of food systems in practice 109 4.4.1. Diverse conceptions of the future 109 4.4.2. Ultimate aims 112 4.4.3. Implications for policy action in the present 113 4.5. Discussion and conclusions 116 4.5.1. Hybrid approaches and dominant perspectives: privileging prediction and uncertainty over pluralistic transformation and fundamental critique 117 4.5.2. Different approaches to anticipation connect to different conceptions of transformation 118 4.5.3. Consequences for anticipatory governance for food systems transformations 120 4.5.4. Ways forward for anticipation in support of sustainability transformations 121 Chapter 5 Opening up or closing down anticipatory governance 129 5.1. Introduction 130 5.2. Opening up or closing down anticipatory governance: frames of the future and possibilities for action? 131 5.2.1. Anticipation and anticipatory governance 131 5.2.2. Opening up or closing down governance 133 5.3. Methodology 135 5.3.1. Data collection 135 5.3.2. Comparative Analysis 137 5.4. Approaches to anticipatory climate governance in four regions 139 5.4.1. Anticipatory governance processes in West Africa 139
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