77 Approaches to anticipatory governance in West Africa 3 Almost all processes were organized and funded by international donor organizations (e.g., the World Bank, UNDP and NEPAD), national donor governmental agencies (e.g., USAID and DFID), and research and development institutes (e.g., CIRAD and CGIAR). These organizations collaborate with West African partners such as ministries and research institutes to co-design the processes and involve more stakeholders. West African governments sometimes requested donor organizations to design a process. (e.g., the Burkina Faso government asked CCAFS). Only two processes seemed to be fully designed by African organizations (but funding information was not provided for one of these two). Statements about the way in which anticipation should inform decision-making differ in levels of explicitness. Particularly the more quantitatively and prediction-oriented forms of anticipation (e.g., the error correction model of the University of Ghana) provide recommendations without making explicit how those should inform decision-making. Some state the intention to inform decision-making without specifying a policy process (e.g., the practical consensual tool of the Institut d’Application et de Vulgarisation en Sciences). Others involve policymakers early in the design of the process to foster policy uptake without specifying how and where recommendations should be used (e.g., the Climate projection of AMMA-2050). Finally, a few processes state the intention to be designed specifically to guide formulation of a specific policy process (e.g., the CCAFS Scenarios workshop in Burkina Faso). Anticipation practitioners much more clearly describe the design of the process than how they aspire to intervene in policy and governance contexts. 3.4.1.2. Anticipation in policy documents Reviewing policy documents presents a bit of a different picture (see appendix 3.2 for details). Visioning processes are primarily used as a starting point instead of quantitative scenarios. As such, a vision for the country is set to a specific time horizon and policy priorities and ambitions are determined for reaching this vision. Visions can be based on more formal deliberative processes to include perspectives of various stakeholders (e.g., Niger’s Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management). However, visions can also be considered to have been legitimized during elections (e.g., Ghana’s Coordinated Program of Economic and Social Development Policies). Visioning processes are rarely standalone processes and are complemented with formal or informal back casting approaches that help determine short, medium, and long-term interventions (e.g., the Emerging Senegal Plan). Furthermore, visions are often combined with modelbased scenarios to assess macroeconomic trends (e.g., Ghana’s Shared Growth and Development Agenda II) or climatic trends (e.g., Senegal’s National Adaptation Plan for the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector in the Face of Climate Change Horizon 2035).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTk4NDMw