118 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Descriptive Statistics for Children with Dyslexia at Pretest and Typically Developing Children. Children with dyslexia Typically developing children Holm-bonferroni corrected t-tests M SD M SD t d Outcome measures Word decoding Raw scores 31.37 13.23 51.94 18.69 -5.72*** 1.27 Percentiles 5.51 5.61 45.06 33.43 -7.03*** 1.65 Pseudoword decoding Raw scores 20.61 10.05 46.11 21.42 -6.67*** 1.52 Percentiles 8.39 8.09 51.86 31.33 -8.15*** 1.90 Spelling Raw scores 49.96 28.31 72.97 24.38 -3.98** 0.90 Percentiles 7.74 14.50 62.11 33.88 -9.08*** 2.06 Predictor measures Phonological awareness Spoonerism Raw scores 3.07 3.27 6.42 3.78 -4.47*** 0.95 Scaled scores 7.80 2.13 10.25 2.90 -4.35** 0.96 Phoneme deletion Raw scores 8.02 2.38 9.50 2.04 -3.07 0.67 Scaled scores 7.67 2.33 9.89 2.72 -4.14** 0.88 Rapid automatized naming Letter naming Raw scores 39.85 9.25 35.67 10.93 1.96 0.41 Scaled scores 5.43 2.32 8.44 3.73 -4.33** 0.97 Digit naming Raw scores 36.26 10.00 29.14 5.68 4.23** 0.88 Scaled scores 6.33 2.89 9.94 3.11 -5.64*** 1.20 Verbal working memory Digit span backwards Raw scores 4.14 1.37 5.42 2.61 -2.68 0.61 Semantic abilities Information Raw scores 13.35 3.84 12.44 2.32 1.37 0.29 Scaled scores 10.78 2.40 10.89 2.33 -0.22 0.05 Similarities Raw scores 14.60 5.14 11.89 3.85 2.82 0.60 Scaled scores 12.30 3.14 10.89 3.16 2.08 0.45 Vocabulary Raw scores 31.44 7.14 28.22 6.58 2.15 0.60 Scaled scores 11.56 2.51 10.22 2.89 1.11 0.24 Comprehension Raw scores 20.94 5.88 18.00 4.65 2.51 0.55 Scaled scores 11.54 2.57 10.50 2.50 1.90 0.41 Verbal learning Trial 1 Raw scores 4.74 1.39 4.67 1.33 0.25 0.05 Trial 2 Raw scores 7.41 2.02 6.06 1.94 3.16* 0.68 Trial 3 Raw scores 8.59 1.95 7.08 2.09 3.50* 0.75 Trial 4 Raw scores 9.54 2.08 7.83 2.59 3.45* 0.73 Trial 5 Raw scores 10.35 1.96 8.53 2.60 3.79** 0.79
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