45 Impact of semantics on word decoding 2 Type Effect Coeff SE p BC 95% CI Lower Upper (b) Perceptual organisation on pseudoword decoding 0.0440 0.0383 0.2560 -0.0330 0.1211 Total (c) Total effect of semantic abilities 0.0371 0.0423 0.3842 -0.0478 0.1220 (c) Total effect of age 0.0351 0.0113 0.0033 0.0123 0.0578 (c) Total effect of verbal working memory 0.1508 0.1006 0.1402 -0.0513 0.3530 (c) Total effect of perceptual organisation 0.0459 0.0419 0.2784 -0.0382 0.1301 The results of the second mediation analysis with pseudoword decoding as the dependent variable showed no significant direct effect of semantic abilities (c′ = 0.0183, SE = 0.0389, 95% CI [−0.0599, 0.0964]; p = .641) nor a total effect of semantic abilities (c = 0.0371, SE = 0.0423, 95% CI [−0.0478, 0.1220]; p = .384,). Semantic abilities, however, was significantly related to Phonological awareness (a = 0.1712, SE = 0.0615, 95% CI [0.0478, 0.2945]) and Rapid automatized naming (a = -0.1879, SE = 0.0657, 95% CI [-0.3197, -0.0560]) and Phonological awareness (b = 0.1450, SE = 0.0586, 95% CI [0.0272, 0.2627]) and Rapid automatized naming (b = -0.1331, SE = 0.0561, 95% CI [-0.2459, -0.0204]) were significantly related to pseudoword decoding. Indirect effects were found via Phonological awareness (ab = 0.0248, SE = 0.0165, 95% CI [0.0017, 0.0697]) and Rapid automatized naming (ab = 0.0250, SE = 0.0114, 95% CI [0.0079, 0.0542]). The total indirect effect of semantic abilities was significant (0.0498, SE = 0.0210, 95% CI [0.0172, 0.0995]). The relation between semantic abilities and word decoding was partially mediated by Phonological Awareness and Rapid automatized naming. The total effect of themodel is R2 = 0.476 (MSE = 0.5351, p < 0.001). Age did have a significant total effect on pseudoword decoding (0.0351, SE = 0.0113, 95% CI [0.0123, 0.0578]). There were no significant effects of covariates perceptual organization or verbal working memory. Figure 2.1 depicts the final models.
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